This early (2001) piece on the impact of the online environment on the significance and enforcement of copyright is now available online. It begins by defining concepts that were new at the time, such as Digital Rights Management (DRM) and Electronic Copyright management Systems (ECMS), and the changes in business models, both those already taking place and those that could be expected to happen. It then explores the notions of negative and positive licensing and makes the point, which future events would seem to bear out, that both right holders and users do better when right holders focus on maximizing authorized uses rather than minimizing unauthorized uses. The chapters then explores legal issues concerning ECMS, including jurisdiction in online transmission cases, and standards issues, in particular in the area of metadata. Finally, the chapter surveys a few DRM and online licensing systems already in place at the time.