In this chapter, 'Chukwuma Azuonye...considers possible meanings of the “nonsense” refrains from Igbo folk songs that audiences sing during storytelling events in southeastern Nigeria. He classifies the refrains into eight categories, and concludes (and convinces the reader) that the “meaningless” description given to these refrains is erroneous. Each sound has a definite connotation, symbolic value, or specific meaning' (De Vos, Gail, 2001, Review of Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook, ed. Margaret Reed Macdonald, Journal of American Folklore, Volume 114, Number 454, Fall, p. 503).