Cities today are confronting never before seen challenges to their pole position on top of the economic hierarchy. In this chapter, we lay out four challenges, past and future, that cities today face and identify policies that can help address the problems we identify. The common theme throughout is that cities, their residents, and their business leaders need to embrace a dynamic ethos and be given a freer hand to reposition their municipalities to face a future that is shaping up to be quite different than the past.