Available water, depleted soil quality, and weed competition are important constraints to crop production in the northern Great Plains. The traditional rotation in the region has been spring wheat with summer fallow, which is used to accrue additional soil moisture for the subsequent wheat crop. Tillage during fallow periods controls weeds, which otherwise would use substantial amounts of water and inorganic nitrogen, decreasing the efficiency of fallow and increasing soil erosion. Chemical fallow and zero tillage systems improve soil water status for subsequent crops (Lenssen et al., 2007a), allowing for increased cropping intensity and improved nutrient cycling (Lenssen et al., 2007b) and soil quality (Sainju et al., 2006). However, zero tillage systems can result in greater weed problems. Multi-tactic, cultural management systems, including use of higher seeding rates, banded fertilizer applications, variation in planting dates, and greater crop stubble retention, can improve management of weeds (Anderson, 2005). The objectives of the trial are to compare influences of rotation, tillage, and management system on crop yield, yield components and quality, water and nitrogen use and use efficiencies, soil quality, microbial diversity, carbon sequestration, and weed dynamics.